
こそあど言葉Kosoado Demonstratives & Spatial Compass Desk Mat
こ (near me) · そ (near you) · あ (far from both) · ど (question) — complete pattern matrix, dialogue flip rules & classroom traps
空間マップ:こ・そ・あ・ど Spatial Distance Zones
Speaker vs. Listener vs. DistantIn my hand or right next to me (私の近く).
Near you (the listener), or something you just mentioned (あなたの近く).
Far from BOTH speaker and listener (二人から遠い).
Asks about an unknown item, place, or direction; always pairs with が when subject.
| Series / Grammar Rule | こ · Near Me | そ · Near You | あ · Over There | ど · Question (?) | Classroom Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Standalone Thing 〜れ (Pronoun) Stands ALONE as a noun: [これ] は N です。 Never put a noun directly after これ! | これ this one | それ that one (near you) | あれ that one (over there) | どれ which one? (3+) | すみません、これはいくらですか。 ― それは三百円です。 Excuse me, how much is this? — That (by you) is 300 yen. |
Noun Modifier 〜の + Noun MUST be followed immediately by a Noun: [この + 本] は… Never stands alone! | この + N this [N] | その + N that [N] | あの + N that [N] over there | どの + N which [N]? | この傘はだれの傘ですか。 ― あの学生のです。 Whose umbrella is this umbrella? — It’s that student’s over there. |
Place / Location 〜こ (Place) Marks locations with は・に・で・へ: [ここ] に あります。 Watch out: あそこ is irregular! | ここ here | そこ there (by you) | あそこ ★ over there | どこ where? | お手洗いはどこですか。 ― あそこです。 Where is the restroom? — It is over there. |
Direction / Polite 〜ちら (Polite / Way) Polite version of これ・ここ・だれ, or asks “which of TWO” (どちら). Casual: こっち・そっち・あっち・どっち. | こちら this way / person | そちら that way / your side | あちら that way over there | どちら which way? / which of 2? | コーヒーと紅茶と、どちらがいいですか。 Between coffee and tea, which one (of the two) do you prefer? |
Kind / Type of N 〜んな + Noun Describes the type or category of a noun: [どんな + 音楽] が好きですか。 | こんな + N this kind of [N] | そんな + N that kind of [N] | あんな + N that kind of [N] (far) | どんな + N what kind of [N]? | どんな映画を見ますか。 ― こんな映画が好きです。 What kind of movies do you watch? — I like this kind of movie. |
Manner / Way 〜う (Adverb) Modifies a verb (“in this/that way”): どう書きますか。 Watch out: ああ has a long vowel! | こう like this | そう like that | ああ ★ like that (far) | どう how? | この漢字はどう読みますか。 ― こう読みます。 How do you read this kanji? — You read it like this. |
Perspective Flip in Q & A Dialogues
What is in the speaker’s hand (こ) is in the listener’s zone for the other person (そ).
When an object is far from both people, BOTH question and answer use あれ / あそこ / あの.
★ Shaded cells (あそこ and ああ) are irregular spellings in the あ-column — memorize them!
!Classic Classroom Traps
これ vs. この + Noun
この・その・あの・どの MUST hug a noun; これ・それ・あれ・どれ NEVER hug a noun.
どれ (3 or more) vs. どちら (2 items)
Use どちら (casual どっち) when choosing between two; use どれ for three or more.
Question words take が, never は
When どれ・どの N・どちら is the subject of the question, always mark it with が.